Après avoir rappelé pourquoi on pouvait désormais considérer que l'anglais était bel et bien devenu la "langue globale", mondiale, qu'on prédisait depuis longtemps (en montrant en particulier
que l'élément décisif n'est bien sûr pas le nombre de locuteurs natifs mais le nombre de ceux qui l'utilisent à des degrés divers comme L2 ou comme langue étrangère), l'auteur examine diverses conséquences de cette situation qui, elles, n'avaient pas vraiment été envisagées : le fait que l'anglais n'est
plus la propriété de personne et qu'il ne possède plus un centre unique d'influence, l'apparition de nouvelles variétés (singlish, spanglish...) liées au besoin des gens d'exprimer leur identité via la différenciation linguistique, etc.
Malgré ces forces centrifuges incontrôlables, D. Crystal estime toutefois que l'anglais n'est guère menacé par un processus de fragmentation dialectale tel que le latin, par exemple, en a connu. En effet, les forces centralisatrices - liées au poids à l'écrit de l'anglais standard, au développement des nouvelles technologies, d'internet, etc. - sont aujourd'hui sans commune mesure avec ce qu'elles étaient au temps du latin. Mais, loin de se satisfaire d'une telle situation, l'auteur en retire surtout une injonction à éviter le piège du monolinguisme - tant pour les locuteurs anglophones qui se doivent d'autant plus d'apprendre d'autres langues pour s'ouvrir à d'autres visons du monde que pour les autres qui doivent impérativement soigner leurs propres langues et dialectes au risque qu'elles disparaissent. (Réd.) | The emergence of English as the world's first genuinely global language has been predicted for a long time. Now that it is here, its presence raises some unexpected and unprecedented questions.
But is it here? To be worthy of the designation 'global', a language needs to be present, in some sense, in every country in the world. English has probably now achieved this position. It is used as a first language by some 400 million people, mainly in the USA, Canada, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. It has achieved special status as a 'second' language in over 70 countries, such as Ghana, Nigeria, India, Singapore, and Vanuatu, spoken by at least another 400 million. And in most - perhaps now all? - of the remaining countries, it has become the foreign language which children are most likely to learn in school. The number of foreign learners may now exceed a billion.
Although estimates vary greatly, 1,500 million or more people are today thought to be competent communicators in English. That is a quarter of the world's population. So, is English a global language, when three out of four people do not yet use it? Given the areas of world influence where it has come to have a pivotal role, the answer has to be yes. The evidence suggests that English is now the dominant voice in international politics, banking, the press, the news agencies, advertising, broadcasting, the recording industry, motion pictures, travel, science and technology, knowledge management, and communications. No other language has achieved such a widespread profile - or is likely to, in the foreseeable future.
Several other languages have an important international presence, of course. Two, indeed, have far more mother-tongue speakers than English. A 1999 survey puts Mandarin Chinese and Spanish ahead of English, and although there is some uncertainty about the latter's statistics, there is no doubt that Spanish is currently growing faster than any other language, especially in the Americas. But the reason for the global status of English is nothing to do with the number of first-language speakers it has. There are some three times as many people who speak it as a second or foreign language, and this ratio is increasing, given the differentials between such low population-growth countries as the UK and USA, on the one hand, and such high ones as India and Nigeria, on the other. The future of the language is evidently out there in the ELT (English-language teaching) world. [...] |
